1813 in science

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The year 1813 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

April - William Charles Wells reads a paper to the Royal Society of London making the first clear statement about natural selection.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]
Charles Waterton begins the process of turning his estate at Walton Hall, West Yorkshire, England, into what is, in effect, the world's first nature reserve.^[5]

Mathieu Orfila publishes his groundbreaking Traité des poisons, formalizing the field of toxicology.^[6]
Louis Jacques Thénard commences publication of his textbook Traité de chimie élémentaire, théorique et pratique in Paris.
Edward Howard invents the enclosed vacuum pan for refining sugar.

unknown date - Dr. Carl Weltzien, inorganic chemist, Chemistry Congress in Karlsruhe (d. 1870)
January 19 - Sir Henry Bessemer, inventor (d. 1898)
March 19 - David Livingstone, missionary and explorer (d. 1873)
July 12 - Claude Bernard, physiologist (d. 1878)

^ Published posthumously in 1818 in his Two Essays.
^ Green, J. H. S. (1957). "William Charles Wells FRS (1757–1817)". Nature 179: 997-99. doi:10.1038/179997a0. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v179/n4568/pdf/179997a0.pdf. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
^ Darwin, Charles (1866). "Historical Sketch". On the Origin of Species by means of natural selection (4th & subsequent ed.). London: Murray. "[Wells] distinctly recognises the principle of natural selection, and this is the first recognition which has been indicated."
^ Glass, Bentley et al., ed (1959). Forerunners of Darwin, 1745-1859. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. p. 369.
^ Blackburn, Julia (1989). Charles Waterton, 1782-1865: traveller and conservationist. London: The Bodley Head. pp. 52–9. ISBN 0-370-31248-1.
^ Bertomeu-Sánchez, José Ramón; Nieto-Galan, Agustí, ed (2006). Chemistry, Medicine and Crime: Mateu J. B. Orfila (1787–1853) and his times. Sagamore Beach, MA: Science History Publications. ISBN 0-88135-275-6.
^ Bulletin de la société philomatique.